Coronavirus Disease Biology and Previous Therapeutic Efforts
List of therapeutics for SARS/MERS to target viral or host biological system and related vaccine efforts.
This information comes from Table 2 of the "Coronaviruses — drug discovery and therapeutic options" (A. Zumla et al., 2016) review article which describes the genome of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
Targeting Virus
| Targeted Viral components | Potential therapeutics |
|---|---|
| Nucleosides or Nucleotides | Mycophenolic Acid |
| Base Sequence GUC in loop region of CoV mRNA |
Ribozyme |
| Viral Replication complex | K22 |
| Long Viral dsRNA | DRACO |
| PLpro | GRL0617 |
| 3CLpro | Lopinavir |
| RdRp | Ribavirin, BCX4430, |
| Helicase | Bananins, SSYA10-001 |
| RBD of S1 Subunit of S protein | NERS-4, MERS-27 |
| S2 subunit of S | HR2P and P1 peptides |
| Oligosaccharides onS | Griffithsin |
| S expression | siRNA* |
| E | siRNA*, Hexamethylene amiloride |
| M | siRNA* |
| N | PJ34, intrabodies‡ and siRNA* |
| Accessory proteins | siRNA* |
| Lipid membrane | LJ001 and JL103 |
Targeting Host
| Targeted host factors | Potential Therapeutics |
|---|---|
| Interferon Response | Recombinant interferons(interferon alfa, interferon beta, interferon gamma), Poly(I:C), Nitazoxanide |
| Cyclophilins | Cyclosporine, alisporivir |
| Kinase signalling pathways | Trametinib, selumetinib, everolimus, rapacycin, dasatinib, imatinib |
| ACE2 | P4 and P5 peptides, NAAE |
| DPP4 | anti-DPP4 mAb |
| Endosomal protease (cathepsins) | E64D, K11777, small molecule 5705213 |
| Surface Protease (TMPRSS2) | Camostat mesylate |
| Other host proteases (furin) | dec-RVKR-CMK |
| Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (ATP1A1) | Chlorpromazine, Ouabain, bufalin |
| Endosomal acidification | Chloroquine |
Vaccine
| Vaccine Type | Examples |
|---|---|
| Live attenuated virus | rMERS‐CoV‐ΔE |
| DNA plasmid | MERS‐CoV S DNA |
| Viral vectors | MVA‐MERS‐S, Ad5‐MERS‐S, Ad5‐MERS‐S1, Ad5‐S and Ad41‐S |
| Nanoparticles | MERS‐CoV S‐containing nanoparticles |
| Virus‐like particles | VRP‐S |
| Recombinant protein subunits | S(RBD)‐Fc, S1(358–588)‐Fc, S(377–588)‐Fc and rRBD |
List of experimentally verified coronavirus-host interactions
82 coronavirus-human interactions with experimental evidence are provided by PHISTO, involving 33 human proteins and 21 coronavirus proteins.
Last update: September 15, 2022