GHDDI Data analysis for drug repositioning
A comprehensive data mining and analysis effort has been done to present these lists of existing drugs with therapeutic potentials for COVID-19. The analysis was based on different rationales including anti-coronavirus activity, broad-spectrum antiviral activity and antiviral drugs with highly conserved viral target such as RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP). We will constantly update these lists with new discoveries.
Data analysis results from previous coronavirus related drug discovery records
A collection of drug candidates with previously published positive coronavirus experimental results.
| Drug name | DrugBank ID | Mechanism of action | Experimental activity | Methods | Measurement | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Remdesivir | DB14761 | Nucleobindin-1 (NUCB1) Inhibitors | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) remission/reduction, IN VITRO | Viral replication assay | IC-50 | 1.00E-08 | M |
| Emetine | DB13393 | Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) Inhibitors;Signal Transduction Modulators;Angiogenesis Inhibitors | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) remission/reduction, IN VITRO | Cytopathicity assay | IC-50 | 1.50E-07 | M |
| Nafamostat mesilate | DB12598 | Tryptase Inhibitors | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) remission/reduction, IN VITRO | Vero cells (TMPRSS2-expressing) transfected with MERS | IC-50 | 1.00E-09 | M |
| Alisporivir | DB12139 | P-Glycoprotein (MDR-1; ABCB1) Inhibitors;Cyclophilin Inhibitors | Coronavirus acute respiratory syndrome remission/reduction, IN VITRO | RNA assay | IC-50 | 8.00E-07 | M |
| Niclosamide | DB06803 | Cytochrome P450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors;Quorum Sensing (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) Inhibitors;Neuropeptide Y4 (NPY Y4) Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators;Autophagy Inducers;Wnt Signaling Inhibitors | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) remission/reduction, IN VITRO | Cytopathicity assay | IC-50 | 1.00E-07 | M |
| Rupintrivir | DB05102 | HRV 3C Protease Inhibitors | Coronavirus acute respiratory syndrome remission/reduction, IN VITRO | Viral replication assay | IC-50 | 3.00E-07 | M |
| Geldanamycin | DB02424 | Signal Transduction Modulators;Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) Inhibitors | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) remission/reduction, IN VITRO | IC-50 | 9.10E-07 | M | |
| Sinefungin | DB01910 | Coactivator Associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1 (CARM1; PRMT4) Inhibitors;Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase SETD7 (SET7/9) Inhibitors;Protein-L-Isoaspartate(D-Aspartate) O-Methyltransferase (PCMT1; PIMT) Inhibitors;Epigenetic Modifier Modulators | Replicase Polyprotein 1ab (pp1ab) (SARS) inhibition, IN VITRO | IC-50 | 3.83E-07 | M | |
| Mycophenolic acid sodium salt | DB01024 | Inosine 5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH) Inhibitors | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) remission/reduction, IN VITRO | Cytopathicity assay | IC-50 | 1.70E-07 | M |
| Mycophenolate mofetil | DB00688 | Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor 2 (HCAR2; NIACR1; GPR109A) Agonists;Signal Transduction Modulators;Inosine 5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH) Inhibitors | Coronavirus acute respiratory syndrome remission/reduction, IN VITRO | Viral replication assay | IC-50 | 2.30E-07 | M |
| Chloroquine | DB00608 | Coronavirus acute respiratory syndrome remission/reduction, IN VITRO | IC-50 | 8.00E-10 | M | ||
| Gemcitabine hydrochloride | DB00441 | Ribonucleoside-Diphosphate Reductase Inhibitors;Pyrimidine Antagonists | Coronavirus acute respiratory syndrome remission/reduction, IN VITRO | Cytopathicity assay | IC-50 | 4.40E-07 | M |
| Promazine | DB00420 | Signal Transduction Modulators;Dopamine Receptor Antagonists | Coronavirus acute respiratory syndrome remission/reduction, IN VITRO | Cytopathicity assay | MIC | 1.00E-07 | M |
| Azithromycin | DB00207 | Nonsense Mutation Suppressors;50S Ribosomal Protein Inhibitors | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) remission/reduction, IN VITRO | Luciferine/luciferase assay | IC-50 | 1.00E-07 | M |
| cyclosporin | DB00091 | Cyclophilin Inhibitors;Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (MPT) Inhibitors | Coronavirus acute respiratory syndrome remission/reduction, IN VITRO | RNA assay | IC-50 | 8.00E-07 | M |
Broad-spectrum antiviral data analysis results
Based on in vitro viral infection assay results (EC50<=1uM) and clinical data (in vivo active) we have identified 51 molecules against at least 5 virus species.
| Drug name | ID | Number of virus species | Virus species list | Discovered MOA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tenofovir | DB14126 | 15 | FLUAV;HCV;HBV;HSV;ADV;DENV;Parainfluenza virus;RSV;Rhinovirus;CMV;VZV;Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus;HIV-2;HIV-1;HSV 2 | Reverse Transcriptase/Ribonuclease H (HIV-1) Inhibitors;Reverse Transcriptase/Ribonuclease H (Viral) Inhibitors |
| Brincidofovir | DB12151 | 13 | EBOV;CMV;HSV;VZV;BKV;ADV;JC polyomavirus;EBV;HTLV-1;HPV;HSV 1;VACV;HSV-6 | DNA Polymerase Inhibitors |
| Nitazoxanide | DB00507 | 13 | FLUAV;FLUBV;HBV;HCV;DENV;RSV;ADV;NoV;RuV;HIV-1;JEV;MERS-CoV;ZIKV | Signal Transduction Modulators;Viral Maturation Inhibitors;Pyruvate Synthase (Pyruvate-Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase; PFOR) (Protozoal) Inhibitors;Myc Proto-Oncogene Protein (c-Myc) Inhibitors;Hemagglutinin (HA) (Viral) Inhibitors;Protein Disulfide-Isomerase A3 (PDIA3) Inhibitors;Viral Fusion Inhibitors;Pyruvate Synthase (Pyruvate-Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase; PFOR) (Bacterial) Inhibitors |
| Mycophenolic acid | DB01024 | 13 | Avian flu;HCV;FLUBV;Filovirus;FLUAV;MERS-CoV;CoV;WNV ;DENV;ZIKV;RSV;Parainfluenza virus;BKV | Inosine 5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH) Inhibitors |
| Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate | DB09299 | 11 | FLUAV;HCV;HBV;HSV;Parainfluenza virus;ADV;DENV;RSV;Rhinovirus;CMV;VZV | Reverse Transcriptase/Ribonuclease H (HIV-1) Inhibitors;Reverse Transcriptase/Ribonuclease H (Viral) Inhibitors |
| Ribavirin | DB00811 | 11 | Avian flu;FLUBV;HCV;FLU;FLUAV;RSV;EV;Parainfluenza virus;HSV;HEV;LASV | Inosine 5'-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase (IMPDH) Inhibitors;Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter ENT1 Inhibitors |
| [(2R,3R,4S,5S)-5-(4-amino-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)-3,4-dihydroxypyrrolidin-2-yl]methyl (2S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoate | CID: 71761401 | 10 | Filovirus;SARS-CoV;FLUAV;FLUBV;Parainfluenza virus;DENV;ADV;Rhinovirus;RSV;WNV | RNA Polymerase Inhibitors |
| Remdesivir | DB14761 | 10 | MERS-CoV;Filovirus;EBOV;CoV;SARS-CoV;MARV;HCV;RSV;ZIKV;2019nCoV | Nucleobindin-1 (NUCB1) Inhibitors |
| Tilorone hydrochloride | CID: 33958 | 10 | CHIKV;CMV;EBOV;HAV;HBV;HCV;HSV 1;MARV;MERS-CoV;WNV | Signal Transduction Modulators;Interferon Inducers |
| Cidofovir | DB00369 | 10 | CMV;HSV;EBV;VZV;JC polyomavirus;ADV;BKV;HSV 1;HSV 2;HPV | DNA Polymerase Inhibitors |
| PTC299 | CID: 49787172 | 9 | FLUAV;HCV;PV;Parainfluenza virus;WNV ;RSV;ADV;HSV;DENV | Signal Transduction Modulators;Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Inhibitors;Angiogenesis Inhibitors |
| (4-chlorophenyl) (1S)-6-chloro-1-[4-[(3S)-3,4-dihydroxybutoxy]phenyl]-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrido[3,4-b]indole-2-carboxylate | CID: 67986080 | 8 | FLUAV;PV;ADV;Parainfluenza virus;WNV ;RSV;HSV;DENV | VEGF Expression Inhibitors;Angiogenesis Inhibitors |
| Favipiravir | DB12466 | 8 | FLUAV;FLUBV;FLUCV;2019nCoV;CCHFV;CHIKV;EBOV;MARV | Viral Polymerase Inhibitors |
| OSU-03012 | CID: 10027278 | 8 | Filovirus;FLUAV;MARV;EBOV;HCV;ZIKV;HSV;DENV | Acetyl-Coenzyme A Synthetase (Fungal) Inhibitors;Signal Transduction Modulators;Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) Inhibitors;Phosphoinositide Dependent Kinase (PDK) 1 Inhibitors;Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase PKH2 (Fungal) Inhibitors;Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) Inhibitors;Apoptosis Inducers |
| valaciclovir | DB00577 | 7 | HSV;CMV;EBV;HBV;HSV 1;HSV 2;VZV | DNA Polymerase Inhibitors; DNA Directed DNA Polymerase Inhibitors |
| Chloroquine | DB00608 | 7 | CoV;DENV;HIV-1;CHIKV;EBOV;FLUAV;HCV | |
| Ciclosporin | DB00091 | 7 | HCV;FLUBV;CoV;HBV;FLUAV;HIV-1;CMV | Cyclophilin D Inhibitors;Signal Transduction Modulators;Serine/Threonine-Protein Phosphatase 2B (PPP3CC; PP2Bgamma; Calcineurin) Inhibitors;INS Expression Inhibitors |
| Silvestrol | CID: 11787114 | 7 | CoV;HCV;MERS-CoV;EBOV;EBV;HPV;Rhinovirus | Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4A (eIF4A) Inhibitors;Apoptosis Inducers |
| Sirolimus | DB00877 | 7 | CMV;HCV;BKV;FLUAV;HIV-1;KSHV;RVFV | CCR5 Expression Inhibitors;Signal Transduction Modulators;Proteasome Inhibitors;Drugs Targeting B-Lymphocyte Antigen CD19;Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR; FRAP1) Inhibitors |
| Deferiprone | DB08826 | 7 | CMV;BKV;VZV;JC polyomavirus;HSV;ADV;EBV | Chelating Agents; Cytochrome P450 CYP4F2 Inhibitors; Iron Absorption Inhibitors; Lipoxygenase 5 Inhibitors |
| NITD-008 | CID: 136896143 | 6 | Filovirus;HCV;EV;DENV;ZIKV;WNV | RNA-Directed RNA Polymerase (NS5) (Dengue Virus) Inhibitors |
| Aciclovir | DB00787 | 6 | HBV;HSV;VZV;EBV;HSV 1;HSV 2 | DNA Polymerase Inhibitors |
| KIN-269 | CID: 86263464 | 6 | FLUAV;CoV;FLUBV;RSV;WNV ;DENV | Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 (IRF-3) Activators |
| (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate | DB12116 | 6 | ADV;HCV;CMV;HSV;FLUAV;ZIKV | SGLT-1 Inhibitors;Tumor NADH Oxidase (tNOX) Inhibitors;Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors;Viral Attachment Inhibitors;Aromatase Inhibitors;beta-Amyloid (Abeta) Aggregation Inhibitors;VEGFR-2 (FLK-1/KDR) Inhibitors;Efflux Pump (Bacterial) Inhibitors;NF-kappaB (NFKB) Activation Inhibitors;Fatty Acid Synthase (FAS) Inhibitors;Signal Transduction Modulators;Dual-Specificity Tyrosine-(Y)-Phosphorylation Regulated Kinase 1A (DYRK1A) Inhibitors;Proteasome Inhibitors;Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1; IDO) Inhibitors;beta-Amyloid (Abeta) Protein Neurotoxicity Inhibitors;AP-1 Transcription Factor Complex Inhibitors;Glycoprotein 120 (gp120) Inhibitors;PDGFR Family Inhibitors;beta-Secretase (BACE) Inhibitors;Prolyl Endopeptidase (prolyl oligopeptidase; POP) Inhibitors;Antioxidants;Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) Inhibitors;Antiamyloidogenic Agents;Angiogenesis Inhibitors;Serine Protease NS3 (HCV) Inhibitors;Wnt Signaling Inhibitors |
| Sunitinib malate | DB01268 | 6 | HCV;EBOV;RSV;DENV;ZIKV;WNV | Proto-Oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Receptor Ret (RET; CDHF12; PTC) Inhibitors;VEGFR-3 (FLT4) Inhibitors;VEGFR-2 (FLK-1/KDR) Inhibitors;Signal Transduction Modulators;PDGFRbeta Inhibitors;KIT (C-KIT) Inhibitors;Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2; Dardarin) Inhibitors;CSF1R (c-FMS) Inhibitors;Flt3 (FLK2/STK1) Inhibitors;VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) Inhibitors;Angiogenesis Inhibitors |
| Lamivudine | DB00709 | 6 | HBV;HCV;EV;EBV;HIV-1;HIV-2 | DNA Polymerase Inhibitors;Reverse Transcriptase/Ribonuclease H (HIV-1) Inhibitors;Reverse Transcriptase/Ribonuclease H (Viral) Inhibitors |
| Azithromycin | DB00207 | 6 | EBOV;SARS-CoV;MERS-CoV;RSV;FLUAV;HIV-1 | Nonsense Mutation Suppressors;50S Ribosomal Protein Inhibitors |
| NHC | CID: 197020 | 6 | HCV;Avian flu;SARS-CoV;FLUBV;FLUAV;RSV | |
| 3-Bromo-3-deazaneplanocin | CID: 66552950 | 6 | FLUAV;FLUBV;Filovirus;EBV;HSV;Parainfluenza virus | |
| Ganciclovir | DB01004 | 6 | CoV;HSV;CMV;VZV;EBV;ADV | DNA Polymerase Inhibitors |
| Zidovudine | DB00495 | 6 | Avian flu;Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus;EBV;EV;HSV;HTLV-1 | P-Glycoprotein (MDR-1; ABCB1) Inhibitors;Breast Cancer-Resistant Protein (BCRP; ABCG2) Inhibitors;Reverse Transcriptase/Ribonuclease H (HIV-1) Inhibitors |
| ABI-1968 | CID: 135565845 | 6 | HBV;HSV;CMV;BKV;HPV;JC polyomavirus | |
| aUY-11 | CID: 52914323 | 5 | FLU;HCV;FLUAV;CMV;HSV | Viral Fusion Inhibitors |
| Geldanamycin | DB02424 | 5 | SARS-CoV;HCV;HBV;CMV;HSV | Signal Transduction Modulators;Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) Inhibitors |
| ODE-(S)HPMPA | CID: 10031478 | 5 | HCV;HBV;HSV;ADV;CMV | |
| HDP-PME-cPr-DAP | CID: 15958371 | 5 | HBV;EBV;CMV;VZV;HSV | |
| Di-O-decanoylcurcumin | CID: 46866178 | 5 | FLUAV;FLUBV;HSV;RSV;Parainfluenza virus | |
| [(2S,3S,5R)-3-(dimethylamino)-5-(5-methyl-2,4-dioxopyrimidin-1-yl)oxolan-2-yl]methyl (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoate | CID: 46933910 | 5 | FLUAV;FLUBV;RSV;HSV;Parainfluenza virus | |
| Erlotinib hydrochloride | DB00530 | 5 | Filovirus;HCV;RSV;EBOV;DENV | Signal Transduction Modulators;EGFR (HER1; erbB1) Inhibitors |
| NITD-982 | CID: 53362039 | 5 | FLUAV;FLUBV;HCV;DENV;RSV | Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH) Inhibitors |
| Di-O-tryptophanylphenylalaninecurcumin | CID: 46866177 | 5 | FLUAV;FLUBV;RSV;HSV;Parainfluenza virus | |
| Lycorine | CID: 72378 | 5 | CoV;HCV;SARS-CoV;DENV;WNV | |
| (2S,4R)-4-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-1-(9H-fluoren-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2-methoxyethyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide | CID: 56854033 | 5 | FLUBV;HCV;FLUAV;DENV;RSV | |
| Lobucavir | DB12531 | 5 | HBV;HSV;VZV;CMV;HIV-1 | DNA Polymerase Inhibitors |
| C4-Ethyl-O-gamma-folylcurcumin | CID: 135934890 | 5 | FLUAV;FLUBV;RSV;HSV;Parainfluenza virus | |
| Lopinavir | DB01601 | 5 | HIV-1;HIV-2;MERS-CoV;2019nCoV;ZIKV | HIV Protease Inhibitors |
| Gemcitabine hydrochloride | DB00441 | 5 | FLUAV;CoV;HCV;ZIKV;HSV | Ribonucleoside-Diphosphate Reductase Inhibitors;Pyrimidine Antagonists |
| 4-amino-1-[(2R,4R,5R)-5-azido-3,3-difluoro-4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]pyrimidin-2-one | CID: 23519651 | 5 | Filovirus;EBOV;HCV;RSV;Parainfluenza virus | RNA-Directed RNA Polymerase (NS5B) (HCV) Inhibitors;RNA-Directed RNA Polymerase (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) Inhibitors |
| HPMPA-(S) | CID: 72253 | 5 | VZV;HSV;EBV;CMV;ADV | |
| Oseltamivir | DB00198 | 5 | FLUAV;FLU;Avian flu;FLUBV;Parainfluenza virus | Neuraminidase (Sialidase) (Influenza Virus) Inhibitors |
| LDC-4297 | CID: 71730493 | 5 | FLUAV;CMV;HSV;VZV;ADV | Signal Transduction Modulators;Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 7 (CDK7) Inhibitors;Apoptosis Inducers |
Top antiviral candidates with RDRP inhibition MOA selected from different assays
| Drug name | DrugBank ID | Mechanism of action | Experimental activity | Measurement | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beclabuvir | DB12225 | RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (NS5B) (HCV) Inhibitors | Hepatitis C (HCV) remission/reduction, IN VITRO | IC-50 | 3.00E-09 | M |
| Remdesivir | DB14761 | RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitor | Ebola virus disease remission/reduction, IN VITRO | IC-50 | 1.00E-08 | M |
| Valopicitabine | DB13920 | RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (NS5B) (HCV) Inhibitors | Hepatitis C (HCV) remission/reduction, IN VITRO | IC-50 | 9.00E-08 | M |
| Mericitabine | DB12045 | RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (NS5B) (HCV) Inhibitors | Hepatitis C (HCV) remission/reduction, IN VITRO | IC-50 | 1.30E-07 | M |
| Lumicitabine | DB14808 | RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) Inhibitors | Infection, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remission/reduction, IN VITRO | IC-50 | 2.60E-07 | M |
| Sofosbuvir | DB08934 | RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (NS5B) (HCV) Inhibitors | Infection, dengue virus remission/reduction, IN VITRO | IC-90 | 4.00E-07 | M |
| Adafosbuvir | DB14906 | RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (NS5B) (HCV) Inhibitors | Infection, dengue virus remission/reduction, IN VITRO | IC-50 | 1.10E-06 | M |
| Balapiravir hydrochloride | DB12283 | RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (NS5B) (HCV) Inhibitors | Infection, dengue virus remission/reduction, IN VITRO | IC-50 | 1.9E-06 | M |
| Galidesivir | DB11676 | RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitors | Infection, Zika virus remission/reduction, IN VITRO | IC-50 | 2.96E-06 | M |
| Favipiravir | DB12466 | RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Inhibitors | Infection, rabies virus remission/reduction, IN VITRO | MIC | 4.0E-06 | M |
*Compounds selected based on best IC-50 measurement from respective assays.
Last update: September 15, 2022